Category: 65896-14-2

On July 31, 2009, Marzok, Mohamed; El-Khodery, Sabry published an article.Related Products of 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Sedative and analgesic effects of romifidine in camels (Camelus dromedarius). And the article contained the following:

To evaluate the clin. effectiveness and the sedative and analgesic effects of i.v. romifidine in camels. Randomized prospective study. Eighteen healthy adult Dromedary camels. Romifidine was administered i.v. to camels (n = 6) at three different doses (40, 80 or 120 渭g/kg-1). Time of onset, degree and duration of sedation and analgesia were recorded immediately after drug administration. Heart rate, respiratory rate, ruminal contractions, muscle relaxation, response to auditory and tactile stimulation, distance between ears, distance from lower lip to the ground, and degree of ataxia were also recorded pre-administration and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min post-administration. Plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured. Romifidine produced dose dependent sedation and analgesia. Significant decreases in heart rate (p < 0.001), ruminal contractions (p < 0.05), distance from lower lip to the ground (p < 0.001), response to auditory and tactile stimuli (p < 0.01), and significant increases in the degree of ataxia (p < 0.01), distance between the ear tips (p < 0.001) and blood glucose (p < 0.01) concentration were recorded after administration of romifidine until recovery. However, no significant changes in rectal temperature and respiratory rate were recorded. I.v. administration of romifidine at three different doses appeared to be an effective sedative and analgesic agent for camels. Bradycardia, ruminal atony, and hyperglycemia were the most important adverse effects after i.v. administration of romifidine. The i.v. administration of romifidine at a dose rate of 120 渭g/kg-1 caused profound sedation and analgesia. Romifidine could be used for chem. restraint for a variety of diagnostic and minor surgical procedures in camels. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Related Products of 65896-14-2

The Article related to camelus sedative analgesic sedivet, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Related Products of 65896-14-2

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On December 31, 2001, Saxena, Apra; Sharma, A. K.; Kumar, Naveen published an article.Electric Literature of 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Sedivet as a premedicant in barbiturate and nonbarbiturate anaesthesia in goats. And the article contained the following:

Sedivet (12.5 渭g/kg) was administered i.v. Behavioral changes were observed on after sedivet administration in atropine (0.5 mg/kg,s.c.) pre-medicated goats. Increased salivation was noticed during experimentation. Corneal palpebral, pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes were mildly depressed (++) in group B while they were absent in group A during anesthesia. Analgesia in flank in group B persisted for 80.39卤31.85 min and in group A for 50.83卤20.30 min. Polyurea occurred in both the groups. Marked reduction in rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate was noticed in sedivet ketamine group. ABP and CVP increased significantly at 2 min of sedivet injection. TEC, TLC, PCV, HB altered nonsignificantly. Serum glucose, bilirubin, urea, SUN and OCT exhibited significant rise (P<0.05) at different intervals while total proteins, albumin, globulin and A:G ratio were slightly lower at 1 h. Hematobiochem. parameters were recorded close to base value at 72 h. Recovery was smooth and uncomplicated. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Electric Literature of 65896-14-2

The Article related to sedivet premedicant anesthesia goat, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65896-14-2

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On February 15, 2013, Woodhouse, Kerry J.; Brosnan, Robert J.; Nguyen, Kyvan Q.; Moniz, Gale W.; Galuppo, Larry D. published an article.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride The title of the article was Effects of postanesthetic sedation with romifidine or xylazine on quality of recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in horses. And the article contained the following:

Objective-To test the hypothesis that postanesthetic sedation with romifidine would dose-dependently improve recovery quality of recovery from isoflurane anesthesia in horses more than postanesthetic sedation with xylazine. Design-Prospective, randomized, blinded clin. trial. Animals-101 healthy adult horses examined at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 2007 to 2009. Procedures-Horses were sedated with xylazine, and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin, diazepam, and ketamine via a standardized drug protocol. Anesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen for 1 to 4 h. At the end of anesthesia, horses were moved to a padded stall for recovery. Once the breathing circuit was disconnected and the patient was spontaneously breathing, either xylazine (100 or 200 渭g/kg [45 or 91 渭g/lb]) or romifidine (10 or 20 渭g/kg [4.5 or 9.1 渭g/lb]) was administered IV. Objective patient, surgical, and anesthesia data were recorded. Subjective visual analog scale (VAS) scores of recovery quality were assigned by a single individual who was unaware of the treatment received. A stepwise linear regression model was used to correlate patient and procedure factors with the VAS score. Results-Painful procedures, longer anesthesia times, and the Arabian horse breed were associated with poorer VAS scores. Adjustment for these factors revealed an improved VAS recovery score associated with the use of a romifidine dose of 20 渭g/kg. Conclusions and Clin. Relevance-In healthy adult horses anesthetized with isoflurane for > 1 h, the results of this study supported the use of 20 渭g of romifidine/kg, IV, rather than lower romifidine doses or xylazine, for postanesthetic sedation to improve recovery quality. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

The Article related to horse sedivet sedation isoflurane anesthetic, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

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On September 30, 2010, Devisscher, Lindsey; Schauvliege, Stijn; Dewulf, Jeroen; Gasthuys, Frank published an article.Electric Literature of 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Romifidine as a constant rate infusion in isoflurance anaesthetized horses: a clinical study. And the article contained the following:

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of romifidine on the requirement of isoflurane, cardiovascular performance and recovery in anesthetized horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Study design: Randomized blinded prospective clin. trial. Animals Thirty horses scheduled for routine arthroscopy. Methods: After premedication (acepromazine 0.02 mg kg-1, romifidine 80 渭g kg-1, methadone 0.1 mg kg-1) and induction (midazolam 0.06 mg kg-1 ketamine 2.2 mg kg-1), anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Horses were assigned randomly to receive a CRI of saline (group S) or 40 渭g kg-1 hour-1 romifidine (group R). The influences of time and treatment on anesthetic and cardiovascular parameters were evaluated using an anal. of variance. Body weight (t-test), duration of anesthesia (t-test) and recovery score (Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) were compared between groups. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results All but one horse were positioned in the dorsal recumbent position and ventilated from the start of anesthesia. End tidal isoflurane concentrations were similar in both groups at similar time points and over the whole anesthetic period. Cardiac output was significantly lower in horses of the R group, but there were no significant differences between groups in cardiac index, body weight or age. All other cardiovascular parameters were similar in both groups. Quality of recovery did not differ significantly between groups, but more horses in group R stood without ataxia at the first attempt. One horse from group S had a problematic recovery. Conclusions and clin. relevance: No inhalation anesthetic sparing effect or side effects were observed by using a 40 渭g kg-1 hour-1 romifidine CRI in isoflurane anesthetized horses under clin. conditions. Cardiovascular performance remained acceptable. Further studies are needed to identify the ED of romifidine that will induce an inhalation anesthetic sparing effect in anesthetized horses. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Electric Literature of 65896-14-2

The Article related to sedivet infusion isoflurane anesthesia horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65896-14-2

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On June 30, 2013, Lopez-Sanroman, F. Javier; Holmbak-Petersen, Ronald; Varela, Marta; del Alamo, Ana M.; Santiago, Isabel published an article.HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Accelerometric comparison of the locomotor pattern of horses sedated with xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine hydrochloride, or romifidine hydrochloride. And the article contained the following:

Objective: To evaluate the duration of effects on movement patterns of horses after sedation with equipotent doses of xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine hydrochloride, or romifidine hydrochloride and determine whether accelerometry can be used to quantify differences among drug treatments. Animals: 6 healthy horses. Procedures-Each horse was injected IV with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL), xylazine diluted in saline solution (0.5 mg/kg), detomidine diluted in saline solution (0.01 mg/kg), or romifidine diluted in saline solution (0.04 mg/kg) in random order. A triaxial accelerometric device was used for gait assessment 15 min before and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min after each treatment. Eight variables were calculated, including speed, stride frequency, stride length, regularity, dorsoventral power, propulsive power, mediolateral power, and total power; the force of acceleration and 3 components of power were then calculated Results: Significant differences were evident in stride frequency and regularity between treatments with saline solution and each 伪2-adrenoceptor agonist drug; in speed, dorsoventral power, propulsive power, total power, and force values between treatments with saline solution and detomidine or romifidine; and in mediolateral power between treatments with saline solution and detomidine. Stride length did not differ among treatments. Conclusions and Clin. Relevance: Accelerometric evaluation of horses administered 伪2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs revealed more prolonged sedative effects of romifidine, compared with effects of xylazine or detomidine. Accelerometry could be useful in assessing the effects of other sedatives and analgesics. Accelerometric data may be helpful in drug selection for situations in which a horse’s balance and coordination are important. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2

The Article related to locomotion sedative xilagesic detogesic sedivet horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2

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On September 30, 2008, Leece, Elizabeth A.; Corletto, Federico; Brearley, Jacqueline C. published an article.Recommanded Product: 65896-14-2 The title of the article was A comparison of recovery times and characteristics with sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. And the article contained the following:

To compare recovery times and quality following maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane after a standard i.v. induction technique in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Prospective, randomized, blinded clin. study. One hundred ASA I/II horses undergoing MRI. Pre-anesthetic medication with i.v. acepromazine and romifidine was followed by induction of anesthesia with diazepam and ketamine. The animals were randomized into two groups to receive either sevoflurane or isoflurane in oxygen. Horses were subjectively scored (0-5) for temperament before sedation, for quality of sedation, induction and maintenance and anesthetic depth on entering the recovery area. Recoveries were videotaped and scored by an observer, unaware of the treatment, using two scoring systems. Times to the first movement, head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded along with the number of attempts to achieve sternal and standing positions. Variables were compared using a Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test (p < 0.05), while the correlation between subjective recovery score and other relevant variables was tested calculating the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient and linear regression modeling performed when significant. Seventy-seven horses entered the final anal., 38 received isoflurane and 39 sevoflurane. Body mass, age and duration of anesthesia were similar for both groups. There were no differences in recovery times, scoring or number of attempts to achieve sternal recumbency and standing between groups. Weak, but significant, correlations were found between the subjective recovery score for the pooled data from both groups and both temperament and time in sternal recumbency. No differences in recovery times or quality were detected following isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia after i.v. induction. Sevoflurane affords no obvious advantage in recovery over isoflurane following a standard i.v. induction technique in horses not undergoing surgery. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Recommanded Product: 65896-14-2

The Article related to isoflo sevoflo anesthetic horse recovery time, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 65896-14-2

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On February 28, 2007, De Lucas, J. J.; Rodriguez, C.; Marin, M.; Gonzalez, F.; Ballesteros, C.; San Andres, M. I. published an article.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3 The title of the article was Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular ketamine in young ostriches premedicated with romifidine. And the article contained the following:

Ketamine is a short-acting dissociative anesthetic for chem. restraint and surgical anesthesia in domestic and non-domestic animals. The present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) after i.m. administration to young ostriches premedicated with romifidine. Ketamine was rapidly absorbed after i.m. administration. Maximal ketamine concentration (Cmax) of 2.93 卤 0.61 渭g/mL was reached at 12.5 卤 2.50 min and thereafter ketamine concentrations decreased rapidly. The elimination half-life (t1/2z) obtained was 62.37 卤 17.37 min and mean residence time (MRT) was 77.33 卤 19.12 min. The area under the curve (AUC) was 114.19 卤 15.76 渭g/min/mL. Effective chem. immobilization is often necessary in ratites to allow their safe handling. Ketamine is a short-acting dissociative anesthetic that can be used in combination with alpha-2 agonists. In previous studies, some drugs have showed important differences in pharmacol. behavior between ostriches and other avian and mammalian species; however, the pharmacokinetic behavior of ketamine in this species is unknown. For these reasons, the present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ketamine after i.m. administration to young ostriches. Four healthy ostriches (4 mo old and weighing 25-30 kg) obtained from a breeding farm were used in this study. No antibiotics or antihelmintics were administered for at least 2 mo prior to the start of the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All ostriches received 80 渭g/kg i.v. romifidine in the medial brachial vein (Sedivet 1%; Boehringer Ingelheim, Barcelona, Spain) and after 5 min they received 10 mg/kg ketamine injectable solution (Imalgene 1000; Merial. S.A., Barcelona, Spain) injected in the dorsal muscles of the pelvic region, corresponding to the iliotrochanterici and iliofemoralis muscles. During the experiment, each bird was closely observed Blood samples (1 mL) were collected from contralateral brachial veins with a 20-gauge needle attached to a 2-mL heparinized syringe at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after administration. Plasma was separated immediately in a refrigerated centrifuge and frozen at -20掳 until analyzed. The plasma concentrations of ketamine were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC) method based on Geisslinger and Menzel-Soglowek (1991). Ketamine used for the preparation of calibration standards was supplied by Parke-Davis S.A. (Batch: AE18487). The anal. recovery was 89.0 卤 4.2%. The quantification limit of the assay method was 20 ng/mL and the standard curve was linear up to 10 渭g/mL. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <6%. Data were expressed as arithmetic mean 卤 SD. Pharmacokinetic parameters for each animal after i.m. administration were determined by means of non-compartmental anal. (using PCNONLIN 4.0 program; Statistical Consultants, Inc., Lexington, KY, USA). Pharmacokinetic anal. of the concentration-time data was carried out using the non-compartmental method based on statistical moments theory. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule using concentration-time data from time 0 till the last measured concentration The observed plasma peak (Cmax) and time of Cmax (tmax) are reported. The reported effects and the doses recommended of 伪2-agonist and ketamine combinations in ostriches vary between different studies and also differ between adults and young birds. Currently, the doses described for ketamine in adult ostriches oscillate among 3-7 mg/kg and a combination with 伪2-agonist is indicated. However, there is limited information about the use of ketamine in young ostriches. A higher dose of ketamine by i.m. route in chicks and subadult ostriches than in adult birds is recommended by Burroughs (1996) (8-10 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.5-1 mg/kg of xylazine) and Jensen et al. (1994) (allometric scaled dosage: 21 mg/kg of ketamine and 4.5 mg/kg of xylazine). More recently, Paul-Murphy and Fialkkowski (2001) described a rapid induction in chicks (9-10 wk) using 5.0 mg/kg of ketamine and 1.0 mg/kg of xylazine, after i.v. administration. This difference in dosage requirements between age may be due to smaller size and high metabolic rate in young birds, excitable behavior, and/or age-related differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug. In the study, the ketamine dosage used (10 mg/kg) is in agreement with Burroughs (1996); however, the selected romifidine dose (0.080 mg/kg) was lower than that described for xylazine. These dosages reflect differences in the potency, because romifidine is reported to be more potent than xylazine. Hence, a lower dose of romifidine than xylazine must be used. The sedative efficacy of romifidine in avian species is unknown and there are no reports about its relative potency, for this reason, this dose was extrapolated from mammalian species. The mean 卤 SD plasma concentration vs. time curve after i.m. administration of ketamine in the ratites are shown in Fig. 1 and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained are presented in Table 1. Ketamine was rapidly absorbed after i.m. administration. A maximal concentration of 2.93 渭g/mL was reached at 12.5 min and thereafter, ketamine concentrations decreased rapidly similar to the situation in mammals after i.v. administration. In spite of the fact that the elimination of some drugs in ratites seems faster than that in other mammalian and avian species, the elimination half-life value obtained in this work (t1/2z, 62.37 min) was close to that described after ketamine i.m. administration in cats (t1/2尾, 67.8 min) or after i.v. administration in calves (t1/2尾, 54.2-58.6 min) and in horses (t1/2尾, 65.84 min), all premedicated with xylazine. In mammals, ketamine is rapidly biotransformed by hepatic N-demethylation to produce norketamine which may then undergo further oxidation of the cyclohexane ring. The presence of norketamine has been observed in cats, dogs, ponies, ruminants and swine, although the plasma concentrations may vary between species and with the circumstances relating to each study. However, in ostriches we did not detect any metabolite after ketamine administration although the chromatog. assay used provides for its determination It could be that in this species, ketamine hepatic N-demethylation does not play an important role in drug elimination (it is possible that in ostriches other metabolic routes could take part, or as occurs in horses, redistribution and/or excretion of the drug are so rapid that proportionally less is available for hepatic biotransformation. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

The Article related to anesthetic imalgene ostrich sedivet pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

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Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On April 17, 1986, Kern, Otto; Wilhelm, Franz published a patent.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride The title of the patent was Sedative. And the patent contained the following:

2-[(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)imino]imidazolidine and its salts are veterinary sedatives with analgesic and bradycardiac activity. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

The Article related to bromofluorophenyliminoimidazolidine sedative analgesic, imidazolidine bromofluorophenylimino sedative analgesic, bradycardiac bromofluorophenyliminoimidazolidine, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

El-Kammar, M. H.; Gad, S. B.; Korittum, A. S. published an article in 2014, the title of the article was Evaluation of the sedative, analgesic, physiological and haematological effects of intravenous detomidine, detomidine-butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol in Baladi goats.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3 And the article contains the following content:

The present study was aimed to clarify and determine the sedative and analgesic effects of i.v. injection of detomidine, detomidine-butrophanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol in Egyptian Baladi goats and to evaluate the most efficient treatment regimen for induction of sedation and analgesia with the least adverse effects on clinicophysiol. and hematol. parameters. Six baladi goats, three males and three females weighing 25-35 kg were studied in prospective randomized exptl. anesthetic trial. Four i.v. treatments of detomidine, detomidine-butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol were administered to each goat using: 0.04 mg/kg body weight detomidine, 0.04 mg/kg body weight detomidine plus 0.03 mg/kg body weight butorphanol, 0.05 mg/kg body weight romifidine and 0.03 mg/kg body weight romifidine plus 0.05 mg/kg body weight butorphanol. The pulse rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, sedation, analgesia, ataxia, Hb, packed cell volume percentage, differential leukocytic count, serum glucose, creatinine, urea, Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase were evaluated. Marked sedation and complete analgesia was observed after detomidine-butorphanol and romifidine-butorphanol injections. Frequent urination and obvious watery salivation with tympany were observed in all treated goats. A significant reduction in pulse rate was observed in all goats compared to baseline value (p<0.05). Changes in clinicophysiol. and haematol. parameters were transient with no obvious systemic effects. I.v. injection of 0.04 mg/kg body weight detomidine combined with 0.03 mg/kg body weight butorphanol or i.v. injection of 0.05 mg/kg body weight romifidine combined with 0.03 mg/kg body weight butorphanol showed a prolonged marked sedation and complete analgesia in Baladi goats than i.v. injection of detomidine or romifidine alone. The combination of butorphanol with detomidine or romifidine was induced bradycardia, which within acceptable value. The adverse effects on clinicophysiol. and haematol. values were mild, transient and within the physiol. limits. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

The Article related to domosedan torbugesic sedivet sedative analgesic agent goat, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

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Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On January 31, 2012, Ringer, Simone K.; Portier, Karine G.; Fourel, Isabelle; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula published an article.Category: imidazoles-derivatives The title of the article was Development of a romifidine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. And the article contained the following:

Objective To determine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for romifidine (R) and romifidine combined with butorphanol (RB) resulting in constant sedation and romifidine plasma concentrations Study design Blinded randomized crossover study. Animals Ten adult research horses. Methods Part I: After determining normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%), loading doses of romifidine (80 渭g kg-1) with butorphanol (RB: 18 渭g kg-1) or saline (R) were given i.v. (IV). Immediately afterwards, a butorphanol (RB: 25 渭g kg-1 hour-1) or saline (R) CRI was administered for 2 h. The HHAG was used as marker of sedation depth. Sedation was maintained for 2 h by addnl. romifidine (20 渭g kg-1) whenever HHAG > 50%. The dose rate of romifidine (渭g kg-1 hour-1) required to maintain sedation was calculated for both treatments. Part II: After loading doses, the romifidine CRIs derived from part I were administered in parallel to butorphanol (RB) or saline (R). Sedation and ataxia were evaluated periodically. Romifidine plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS-MS at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105, and 120 min. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, Fisher’s exact test. Wilcoxon signed rank test, and two-way ANOVA for repeated measures (p < 0.05). Results There was no significant difference in romifidine requirements (R: 30; RB: 29 渭g kg-1 hour-1). CRI protocols leading to constant sedation were developed. Time to first addnl. romifidine bolus was significantly longer in RB (mean 卤 SD, R: 38.5 卤 13.6; RB: 50.5 卤 11.7 min). Constant plasma concentrations of romifidine were achieved during the second hour of CRI. Ataxia was greater when butorphanol was added. Conclusion Romifidine bolus, followed by CRI, provided constant sedation assessed by HHAG. Butorphanol was ineffective in reducing romifidine requirements in unstimulated horses, but prolonged the sedation caused by the initial romifidine bolus. Clin. relevance Both protocols need to be tested under clin. conditions. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Category: imidazoles-derivatives

The Article related to sedative sedivet constant rate infusion morphasol sedation horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Category: imidazoles-derivatives

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
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