Category: 55662-66-3

Singer, B.; Spengler, S. J. published an article in 1986, the title of the article was Replication and transcription of polynucleotides containing ethenocytosine, ethenoadenine and their hydrated intermediates.Product Details of 55662-66-3 And the article contains the following content:

A review with 27 references on replication and transcription using ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides containing 1,N6-ethenoadenine  [13875-63-3] or 3,N4-ethinocytosine  [55662-66-3] and the resulting misincorporations. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Product Details of 55662-66-3

The Article related to review polynucleotide transcription replication, Toxicology: Reviews and other aspects.Product Details of 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Ludlum, D. B. published an article in 1986, the title of the article was Formation of cyclic adducts in nucleic acids by the haloethylnitrosoureas.Formula: C6H5N3O And the article contains the following content:

A review with 13 references on the isolation and characterization of cyclic nucleosides of adenine and cytosine and discusses the mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic activities of haloethylnitroseureas. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Formula: C6H5N3O

The Article related to haloethylnitrosourea nucleic acid adduct review, Toxicology: Reviews and other aspects.Formula: C6H5N3O

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On October 29, 2003, Gros, Laurent; Ishchenko, Alexander A.; Saparbaev, Murat published an article.Electric Literature of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Enzymology of repair of etheno-adducts. And the article contained the following:

A review. Etheno(ε)-adducts such as 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA), 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC), N2,3-ethenoguanine (N2,3-εG), and 1,N2-ethenoguanine (1,N2-εG) are produced in cellular DNA by two independent pathways: (i) by reaction with oxidized metabolites of vinyl chloride, 2-chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroethylene oxide; (ii) by endogenous processes through the interaction of lipid peroxidation (LPO)-derived aldehydes and hydroxyalkenals. They have been found in DNA isolated from human and rodent tissues. However, the levels of adducts were significantly increased by cancer risk factors contributing to lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The highly mutagenic and genotoxic properties of ε-adducts have been established in vitro by analyzing steady-state kinetics of primer extension assays and in vivo by site-specific mutagenesis in mammalian cells. Therefore, the repair processes eliminating exocyclic adducts from DNA should play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of genetic information. The ε-adducts are eliminated by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, with DNA glycosylases being the key enzymes of this pathway. They remove ε-adducts from DNA by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond between the damaged base and deoxyribose, leaving an abasic site in DNA. The ethenobase-DNA glycosylases have been identified and their enzymic properties described. They are specific for a given ε-base although they can also excise different types of modified bases, such as alkylated purines, hypoxanthine and uracil. The fact that ethenoadducts are recognized and excised with high efficiency by various DNA glycosylases in vitro suggests that these enzymes may be responsible for repair of these mutagenic lesions in vivo, and thus constitute important contributors to genetic stability. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Electric Literature of 55662-66-3

The Article related to review dna glycosylase repair etheno adduct, Toxicology: Reviews and other aspects.Electric Literature of 55662-66-3

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On October 31, 2005, Delaney, James C.; Smeester, Lisa; Wong, Cintyu; Frick, Lauren E.; Taghizadeh, Koli; Wishnok, John S.; Drennan, Catherine L.; Samson, Leona D.; Essigmann, John M. published an article.Synthetic Route of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was AlkB reverses etheno DNA lesions caused by lipid oxidation in vitro and in vivo. And the article contained the following:

Oxidative stress converts lipids into DNA-damaging agents. The genomic lesions formed include 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA) and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC), in which two carbons of the lipid alkyl chain form an exocyclic adduct with a DNA base. Here we show that the newly characterized enzyme AlkB repairs εA and εC. The potent toxicity and mutagenicity of εA in Escherichia coli lacking AlkB was reversed in AlkB+ cells; AlkB also mitigated the effects of εC. In vitro, AlkB cleaved the lipid-derived alkyl chain from DNA, causing εA and εC to revert to adenine and cytosine, resp. Biochem., εA is epoxidized at the etheno bond. The epoxide is putatively hydrolyzed to a glycol, and the glycol moiety is released as glyoxal. These reactions show a previously unrecognized chem. versatility of AlkB. In mammals, the corresponding AlkB homologs may defend against aging, cancer and oxidative stress. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Synthetic Route of 55662-66-3

The Article related to alkb escherichia ethenoadenine ethenocytosine dna repair lipid oxidation, Enzymes: Other and other aspects.Synthetic Route of 55662-66-3

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On April 20, 1993, Palejwala, Vaseem A.; Rzepka, Robert W.; Simha, Devendranath; Humayun, M. Zafri published an article.Recommanded Product: 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Quantitative multiplex sequence analysis of mutational hot spots. Frequency and specificity of mutations induced by a site-specific ethenocytosine in M13 viral DNA. And the article contained the following:

An assay is described for determining the frequency and specificity of mutations occurring at hot spots within a population of DNA mols. The procedure consists of (a) annealing the DNA population with a labeled oligonucleotide designed to prime DNA synthesis at the mutational hot spot; (b) DNA elongation in the presence of a single dideoxynucleoside triphosphate together with 1-3 deoxynucleoside triphosphates, and (c) quantitation of all limit elongation products by high-resolution gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiog. and computing densitometry. Derivation of mutational frequency and specificity over a wide range of values is demonstrated for M13 viral DNA mixtures containing defined proportions of wild-type and mutant DNAs, as well as for M13 viral DNA populations obtained by transfection of DNA bearing a defined site-specific ethenocytosine lesion. The assay is shown to yield results similar to those obtained by laborious clone-by-clone sequencing of viral progeny. The method is not affected significantly by several tested variables and appears to be suitable for use as a quant. assay for sequence microheterogeneity at defined positions within DNA populations. Application of the methodol. demonstrates that ethenocytosine, an exocyclic DNA lesion induced by carcinogens such as vinyl chloride and urethane, is a highly efficient mutagenic lesion with a mutational specificity expected for noninstructive lesions. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Recommanded Product: 55662-66-3

The Article related to mutation hot spot multiplex sequence analysis, m13 virus dna mutation ethenocytosine specificity, Biochemical Genetics: Methods and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 55662-66-3

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On February 20, 2015, Egloff, David; Oleinich, Igor A.; Freisinger, Eva published an article.Related Products of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Sequence-specific generation of 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3,N4-ethenocytosine in single-stranded unmodified DNA. And the article contained the following:

DNA lesions such as 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA) and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC) are ubiquitously present in genomes of different organisms and show increasing levels upon exposure to mutagenic substances or under conditions of chronic inflammations and infections. To facilitate investigations of the mutagenic properties and repair mechanisms of etheno-base adducts, access to oligonucleotides bearing these lesions at defined positions is of great advantage. In this study, we report a new synthetic strategy to sequence-specifically generate etheno-adducts in a single-stranded unmodified DNA sequence making use of a DNA-templated approach that positions the alkylating agent close in space to the resp. target base. In contrast to solid-phase synthesis of modified oligonucleotides such DNA-templated methods can be applied to single-stranded nucleic acids of unrestricted lengths. The modular nature of the system allows straightforward adaptation to different sequences. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Related Products of 55662-66-3

The Article related to etheno adenine cytosine generation single stranded dna adduct, Biochemical Genetics: Methods and other aspects.Related Products of 55662-66-3

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On June 18, 2012, Tian, Yongfeng; Hou, Hongwei; Liu, Yong; Hu, Qingyuan; Wang, An published an article.Quality Control of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one The title of the article was Analytical method for etheno DNA adducts. And the article contained the following:

This review with 66 references is given on the variety of DNA oxidative damages, repair mechanisms, and their etheno-DNA adducts, as well as anal. methods of etheno-DNA adducts, including immunoaffinity chromatog./32P-post-labeling technique(IC-32P), gas chromatog.-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) and liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Quality Control of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

The Article related to review biomarker etheno dna adduct oxidative stress, Biochemical Methods: Reviews and other aspects.Quality Control of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

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Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On January 24, 1981, Barbin, Alain; Bartsch, Helmut; Leconte, Philippe; Radman, Miroslav published an article.Application of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Studies on the miscoding properties of 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3,N4-ethenocytosine, DNA reaction products of vinyl chloride metabolites, during in vitro DNA synthesis. And the article contained the following:

1-N6-Ethenoadenine (EA)(I) [13875-63-3] and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (EC) [55662-66-3] are formed when electrophilic vinyl chloride (VC) metabolites, chloroethylene oxide (CEO) [7763-77-1] or chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) [107-20-0] react with adenine [73-24-5] and cytosine [71-30-7] residues in DNA. They were assayed for their miscoding properties in an in vitro system using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and synthetic templates prepared by reaction of poly(dA) and poly(dC) with increasing concentrations of CEO or CAA. Following the introduction of etheno groups, an increasing inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed DGMP was misincorporated on CAA- or CEO-teated poly(dA) templates and dTMP was misincorporated on CAA- or CEO-treated poly(dC) templates, suggesting that EA and EC may miscode. The error rates augmented with the extent of reaction of CEO or CAA with the templates. The potentially miscoding properties of EA and EC may explain why metabolically-activated VC and its reactive metabolites specifically induce base-pair substitution mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Promutagenic lesions may represent one of the initial steps in VC- or CEO-induced carcinogenesis. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Application of 55662-66-3

The Article related to vinyl chloride dna reaction product, ethenoadenine vinyl chloride dna, ethenocytosine vinyl chloride dna, carcinogen vinyl chloride dna, Toxicology: Carcinogens and other aspects.Application of 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On December 31, 2003, Chen, Hauh-Jyun Candy; Hong, Chia-Liang; Wu, Chan-Fu; Chiu, Wei-Loong published an article.Reference of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one The title of the article was Effect of cigarette smoking on urinary 3,N4-ethenocytosine levels measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. And the article contained the following:

Etheno DNA adducts are DNA damages derived from exogenous carcinogens as well as endogenous lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Elevated levels of etheno DNA adducts were found in cancer-prone tissues and blood samples, suggesting that these promutagenic lesions correlate with risk of cancers. The authors previously reported the detection of 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εCyt) in the urine samples of 2 smokers using the isotope dilution gas chromatog./neg. ion chem. ionization/mass spectrometry (GC/NICI/MS) assay (Chen et al., 2001, Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14, 1612-1619). Since smokers are found to have elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, the authors examined the association between urinary εCyt levels with cigarette smoking. Among the 23 samples analyzed, the average concentration of urinary εCyt in smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers, 2.65 ± 4.0 vs. 0.61 ± 0.90 ng/kg/g creatinine (p = 0.03). Albeit the number of subjects is limited, the results indicate that the measurement of εCyt in human urine may provide a useful noninvasive biomarker for oxidative DNA damage and cancer chemoprevention studies. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Reference of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

The Article related to ethenocytosine urine cigarette smoking biomarker oxidative stress, Toxicology: Tobacco and other aspects.Reference of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On October 1, 1979, Slaughter, Robert S.; Barnes, Eugene M. Jr. published an article.Recommanded Product: Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one The title of the article was Hypoxanthine transport by Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts: kinetics and inhibition by nucleosides. And the article contained the following:

The transport of 3H-labeled hypoxanthine (I) was studied in monolayer cultures of mutant Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts lacking guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Initial rates of transport were determined by rapid uptake experiments (8-20 s); a Michaelis constant of 0.68 mM for I was derived from linear, monophasic plots of v/S against v. Nucleosides are competitive inhibitors of this process; adenosine and thymidine give resp. Ki values of 86 and 300 μM. The corresponding bases give much higher inhibition constants with adenine and thymine yielding values of 3100 and 1700 μM, resp. A similar pattern was observed for competitive inhibition of I transport by inosine, adenine arabinoside, uridine, cytidine, and 2 ribofuranosylimidazo derivatives of pyrimidin-4-one; in every case the nucleoside exhibited a lower Ki value than the corresponding homologous base. The inhibition constants observed for nucleosides are remarkably similar to their Km values for nucleoside transport by cultured cells recently reported. I transport was also blocked by the 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylthio) derivatives of inosine and guanosine and by dipyridamole; these agents are also inhibitors of nucleoside transport. These results indicate a closer relation between base and nucleoside transport than previously recognized and suggest that these 2 transport processes may involve identical or very similar transport proteins. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Recommanded Product: Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

The Article related to hypoxanthine fibroblast transport determination, biol transport hypoxanthine isotope determination, nucleoside inhibition hypoxanthine transport, Biochemical Methods: Isotopic and other aspects.Recommanded Product: Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem