Category: 452-06-2

Elsheikh, A. A.; Braun, L. J.; Mansour, S. M. G.; Orabi, A.; Alqahtani, A. S.; Benfield, D. A.; Chase, C. C. L. published the artcile< The effect of human interferon alpha on replication of different bovine viral diarrhea virus strains>, Formula: C5H5N5, the main research area is interferon alpha bovine viral diarrhea virus replication.

In the present study, we evaluated the comparative effect of exogenous human IFN-α (HuIFN-α) on different BVDV biotypes and genotypes. The results showed that exogenous HuIFN-α greatly inhibited the growth of different BVDV biotypes and genotypes. However, HuINF-α has a significant inhibitory effect on cp biotype compared to ncp one without significant variation between different genotypes. The effect of HuIFN-α on BVDV reached the maximum level at early stages of infection (0-20 h post infection) and increased in a dose-dependent manner (10-500 U/mL). Quant. realtime RT-PCR was used to evaluate the effect of exogenous HuIFN-α on RNA synthesis of both BVDV biotypes. HuIFN-α reduced RNA production of cp by 4 logs compared to only 2 logs for ncp strains. Addnl., the antiviral effect of IFN-α against both BVDV biotypes seems to be independent of the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) activation as assayed by direct anal. of in vivo phosphorylation of eIF2-α and by 2-aminopurine (2-AP) treatment. Collectively, these results indicated that the exogenous HuIFN-α treatment has an inhibitory effect not only on cp BVDV biotype but also on the ncp BVDV. The antiviral effect of exogenous HuIFN-α was biotype, time, dose but not genotype dependent. PKR has no role in the inhibitory effect suggesting that other IFN-antiviral pathways were involved.

Acta Virologica (English Edition) published new progress about Bovine diarrhea virus. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Formula: C5H5N5.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Klein, Hannah L.; Ang, Kenny K. H.; Arkin, Michelle R.; Beckwitt, Emily C.; Chang, Yi-Hsuan; Fan, Jun; Kwon, Youngho; Morten, Michael J.; Mukherjee, Sucheta; Pambos, Oliver J.; el Sayyed, Hafez; Thrall, Elizabeth S.; Vieira-da-Rocha, Joao P.; Wang, Quan; Wang, Shuang; Yeh, Hsin-Yi; Biteen, Julie S.; Chi, Peter; Heyer, Wolf-Dietrich; Kapanidis, Achillefs N.; Loparo, Joseph J.; Strick, Terence R.; Sung, Patrick; Van Houten, Bennett; Niu, Hengyao; Rothenberg, Eli published the artcile< Guidelines for DNA recombination and repair studies: mechanistic assays of DNA repair processes>, Category: imidazoles-derivatives, the main research area is aminopurine DNA recombination repair mutagenesis review; DNA breaks; DNA helicases; DNA repair centers; DNA repair synthesis; DNA resection; DSBs; FRET; PALM; chromatin dynamics; chromosome rearrangements; crossovers; double strand break repair; endonuclease protection assay; fluorescent proteins; genome instability; gross chromosome rearrangements; homologous recombination; mismatch repair; nonhomologous end joining; nucleotide excision repair; photoactivated fluorescent proteins; recombinase filament assembly; single-molecule; single-particle tracking; structure-selective endonucleases; super resolution; synthesis-dependent strand annealing; transcription coupled repair.

A review. Genomes are constantly in flux, undergoing changes due to recombination, repair and mutagenesis. In vivo, many of such changes are studies using reporters for specific types of changes, or through cytol. studies that detect changes at the single-cell level. Single mol. assays, which are reviewed here, can detect transient intermediates and dynamics of events. Biochem. assays allow detailed investigation of the DNA and protein activities of each step in a repair, recombination or mutagenesis event. Each type of assay is a powerful tool but each comes with its particular advantages and limitations. Here the most commonly used assays are reviewed, discussed, and presented as the guidelines for future studies.

Microbial Cell published new progress about DNA repair. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Category: imidazoles-derivatives.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Tang, Jin; Tang, Feng; Zhao, Linlin published the artcile< Facile preparation of model DNA interstrand crosslink repair intermediates using ribonucleotide-containing DNA>, Electric Literature of 452-06-2, the main research area is DNA interstrand crosslink repair ribonucleotide; DNA damage; DNA interstrand cross-links; DNA repair; RNase H; Translesion synthesis (TLS).

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are lesions with a covalent bond formed between DNA strands. ICLs are extremely toxic to cells because they prevent the separation of the two strands, which are necessary for the genetic interpretation of DNA. ICLs are repaired via Fanconi anemia and replication-independent pathways. The formation of so-called unhooked repair intermediates via a dual strand incision flanking the ICL site on one strand is an essential step in nearly all ICL repair pathways. Recently, ICLs derived from endogenous sources, such as those from ubiquitous DNA lesions, abasic (AP) sites, have emerged as an important class of ICLs. Despite the earlier efforts in preparing AP-ICLs in high yield using nucleotide analogs, little information is available for preparing AP-ICL unhooked intermediates with varying lengths of overhangs. In this study, we devise a simple approach to prepare model ICL unhooked intermediates derived from AP sites. We exploited the alk. lability of ribonucleotides (rNMPs) and the high crosslinking efficiency between an AP lesion and a nucleotide analog, 2-aminopurine, via reductive amination. We designed chimeric DNA/RNA substrates with rNMPs flanking the crosslinking residue (2-aminopurine) to facilitate subsequent strand cleavage under our optimized conditions. Mass spectrometric anal. and primer extension assays confirmed the structures of ICL substrates. The method is straightforward, requires no synthetic chem. expertise, and should be broadly accessible to all researchers in the DNA repair community. For step-by-step descriptions of the method, please refer to the companion manuscript in MethodsX.

DNA Repair published new progress about Amination. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Electric Literature of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Pezo, Valerie; Jaziri, Faten; Bourguignon, Pierre-Yves; Louis, Dominique; Jacobs-Sera, Deborah; Rozenski, Jef; Pochet, Sylvie; Herdewijn, Piet; Hatfull, Graham F.; Kaminski, Pierre-Alexandre; Marliere, Philippe published the artcile< Noncanonical DNA polymerization by aminoadenine-based siphoviruses>, HPLC of Formula: 452-06-2, the main research area is noncanonical DNA polymerization aminoadenine siphovirus bacteriophage mol evolution.

Bacteriophage genomes harbor the broadest chem. diversity of nucleobases across all life forms. Certain DNA viruses that infect hosts as diverse as cyanobacteria, proteobacteria, and actinobacteria exhibit wholesale substitution of aminoadenine for adenine, thereby forming three hydrogen bonds with thymine and violating Watson-Crick pairing rules. Aminoadenine-encoded DNA polymerases, homologous to the Klenow fragment of bacterial DNA polymerase I that includes 3′-exonuclease but lacks 5′-exonuclease, were found to preferentially select for aminoadenine instead of adenine in deoxynucleoside triphosphate incorporation templated by thymine. Polymerase genes occur in synteny with genes for a biosynthesis enzyme that produces aminoadenine deoxynucleotides in a wide array of Siphoviridae bacteriophages. Congruent phylogenetic clustering of the polymerases and biosynthesis enzymes suggests that aminoadenine has propagated in DNA alongside adenine since archaic stages of evolution.

Science (Washington, DC, United States) published new progress about Bacteriophage. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, HPLC of Formula: 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Sleiman, Dona; Garcia, Pierre Simon; Lagune, Marion; Loc′h, Jerome; Haouz, Ahmed; Taib, Najwa; Rothlisberger, Pascal; Gribaldo, Simonetta; Marliere, Philippe; Kaminski, Pierre Alexandre published the artcile< A third purine biosynthetic pathway encoded by aminoadenine-based viral DNA genomes>, Reference of 452-06-2, the main research area is purine pathway aminoadenine viral DNA genome PurZ structure phylogeny.

Cells have two purine pathways that synthesize adenine and guanine ribonucleotides from phosphoribose via inosylate. A chem. hybrid between adenine and guanine, 2-aminoadenine (Z), replaces adenine in the DNA of the cyanobacterial virus S-2L. We show that S-2L and Vibrio phage PhiVC8 encode a third purine pathway catalyzed by PurZ, a distant paralog of succinoadenylate synthase (PurA), the enzyme condensing aspartate and inosylate in the adenine pathway. PurZ condenses aspartate with deoxyguanylate into dSMP (N6-succino-2-amino-2′-deoxyadenylate), which undergoes defumarylation and phosphorylation to give dZTP (2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine-5′-triphosphate), a substrate for the phage DNA polymerase. Crystallog. and phylogenetics analyses indicate a close relationship between phage PurZ and archaeal PurA enzymes. Our work elucidates the biocatalytic innovation that remodeled a DNA building block beyond canonical mol. biol.

Science (Washington, DC, United States) published new progress about Cyanobacteria phage S-2L. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Reference of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Wang, Xiaolong; Zeng, Rui; Chu, Shengnan; Tang, Wei; Lin, Na; Fu, Jun; Yang, Jiangrong; Gao, Bo published the artcile< A quencher-free DNAzyme beacon for fluorescently sensing uranyl ions via embedding 2-aminopurine>, Application In Synthesis of 452-06-2, the main research area is DNAzyme beacon aminopurine uranyl ion selectivity sensitivity fluorescence; 2-Aminopurine; DNAzyme; Fluorescence; Quencher-free; Uranyl detection.

DNAzyme-based fluorescent probes have provided valuable protocols for detecting uranium, one of the most common radioactive contaminants in the environment, with ultra-high selectivity and sensitivity. Designing novel DNAzyme beacons to update the mode of fluorescence reporting and/or quenching will continuously enhance “”turn-on”” sensing performance as well as promote actual application of the biol. probes. In this work, we developed a novel quencher-free DNAzyme beacon by embedding fluorescent 2-aminopurine for rapid detection of uranyl ion. 2-aminopurine is able to substitute adenine and keep strong fluorescence in single-stranded DNA whereas being quenched in the hybridized double-stranded DNA by the base-stacking interaction. The combination of such trait of 2-aminopurine and cleavage reaction of DNAzyme in the presence of target co-factors possesses two main advantages for ion sensing: simplicity for avoidance of extra quencher groups and high performance because of superiority of DNAzyme essence. The exptl. conditions including embedding site, pH and salt concentration of buffer solutions, and the amount ratio of enzyme strand to substrate strand used to form DNAzymes were systematically optimized to inspire the highest performance of the biol. beacon. Thus, a detection limit of 9.6 nM, a wide linear range from 5 nM to 400 nM (R2 = 0.997), and selectivity of more than 400 000-fold over other metal ions were achieved by the novel DNAzyme probes.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics published new progress about Concentration (condition). 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Application In Synthesis of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Kumar, Ranjit; Kumar, Binod; Singh, S. P. published the artcile< Novel biotechnological method for production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae RK-16 exposed to aflatoxine>, Category: imidazoles-derivatives, the main research area is Saccharomyces aflatoxine ethanol temperature pH incubation period molasses.

Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains. The influence of chem. mutagen, i.e., aflatoxine on bioprodn. of Et alc. by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae RK-16 has been studied. It has been found that the chem. mutagen, i.e., aflatoxine at its molar concentration of 5.0 x 10-3M has stimulatory effect on biotechnol. method for production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae RK-16 and enhances the yield of ethanol to an extent of 8.256% higher in comparison to control fermenter flask, i.e., 5.45mL/100 mL while molar concentration of aflatoxine under trial at 6.0 x 10-3M and onwards inhibits and retards the bioprodn. of Et alc. The molar concentration of aflatoxine has been employed in between 1.0 x 10-3M to 10 x 10-3M and has been found that at initial concentration, i.e., 1.0 x 10-3M it is least effective and at higher concentrations it gives insignificant yield of Et alc. Exptl. parameters has been optimized viz.: 30°C temperature 4.5 pH, 65 h incubation period with 18.5% (w/v) molasses solution along with other nutritional ingredients required by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae RK-16.

Journal Chemtracks published new progress about Aflatoxins Role: BUU (Biological Use, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study), USES (Uses). 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Category: imidazoles-derivatives.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Guillen, Danielle; Schievelbein, Mika; Patel, Kushkumar; Jose, Davis; Ouellet, Jonathan published the artcile< A simple and affordable kinetic assay of nucleic acids with SYBR Gold gel staining>, Product Details of C5H5N5, the main research area is nucleic acid SYBR gold gel staining kinetic assay.

Labeling substrates or products are paramount in determining enzymic kinetic parameters. Several options are available; many laboratories use either radioactive or fluorescent labeling because of their high sensitivity. However, those methods have their own drawbacks such as half-life decay, expensive and hazardous. Here, we propose a novel, simple, economical and fast alternative to substrate labeling for studying the kinetics of nucleic acids: post-migration gel staining with SYBR Gold. Cleavage rates similar to the ones reported in the literature for the I-R3 DNA-cleaving DNA enzyme in the presence of zinc chloride are an indication of the quality of the new method. Moreover, the activity of the hammerhead ribozyme was also monitored by our method to illustrate its versatility. This labeling-free method has several advantages such as its ease of use as well as cost effective and versatility with both non-structured and structured RNAs or DNAs.

PLoS One published new progress about Biological staining. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Product Details of C5H5N5.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Zhou, Yan; Xu, Xuexia; Wei, Yifeng; Cheng, Yu; Guo, Yu; Khudyakov, Ivan; Liu, Fuli; He, Ping; Song, Zhangyue; Li, Zhi; Gao, Yan; Ang, Ee Lui; Zhao, Huimin; Zhang, Yan; Zhao, Suwen published the artcile< A widespread pathway for substitution of adenine by diaminopurine in phage genomes>, Reference of 452-06-2, the main research area is pathway substitution adenine diaminopurine phage genome PurZ enzyme ZDNA.

DNA modifications vary in form and function but generally do not alter Watson-Crick base pairing. Diaminopurine (Z) is an exception because it completely replaces adenine and forms three hydrogen bonds with thymine in cyanophage S-2L genomic DNA. However, the biosynthesis, prevalence, and importance of Z genomes remain unexplored. Here, we report a multienzyme system that supports Z-genome synthesis. We identified dozens of globally widespread phages harboring such enzymes, and we further verified the Z genome in one of these phages, Acinetobacter phage SH-Ab 15497, by using liquid chromatog. with UV and mass spectrometry. The Z genome endows phages with evolutionary advantages for evading the attack of host restriction enzymes, and the characterization of its biosynthetic pathway enables Z-DNA production on a large scale for a diverse range of applications.

Science (Washington, DC, United States) published new progress about Bacteriophage. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Reference of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Xu, Suowen; Jin, Tengchuan; Weng, Jianping published the artcile< Endothelial cells as a key cell type for innate immunity: a focused review on RIG-I signaling pathway>, Safety of 7H-Purin-2-amine, the main research area is review innate immunity endothelial cell signaling pathway RIGI; DDX58; RIG-I; endothelial cells; immunity; inflammation.

A review. The vascular endothelium consists of a highly heterogeneous monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) which are the primary target for bacterial and viral infections due to EC’s constant and close contact with the bloodstream. Emerging evidence has shown that ECs are a key cell type for innate immunity. Like macrophages, ECs serve as sentinels when sensing invading pathogens or microbial infection caused by viruses and bacteria. It remains elusive how ECs senses danger signals, transduce the signal and fulfil immune functions. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I, gene name also known as DDX58) is an important member of RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family that functions as an important pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) to execute immune surveillance and confer host antiviral response. Recent studies have demonstrated that virus infection, dsRNA, dsDNA, interferons, LPS, and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) can increase RIG-1 expression in ECs and propagate anti-viral response. Of translational significance, RIG-I activation can be inhibited by Panax notoginseng saponins, endogenous PPARγ ligand 15-PGJ2, tryptanthrin and 2-animopurine. Considering the pivotal role of inflammation and innate immunity in regulating endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, here we provided a concise review of the role of RIG-I in endothelial cell function and highlight future direction to elucidate the potential role of RIG-I in regulating cardiovascular diseases as well as virus infectious disease, including COVID-19. Furthered understanding of RIG-I-mediated signaling pathways is important to control disorders associated with altered immunity and inflammation in ECs.

Frontiers in Immunology published new progress about Antiviral agents. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Safety of 7H-Purin-2-amine.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem